Apatinib

Apatinib (also known as YN968D1) is an orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor that selectively inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2, also known as KDR). Apatinib specifically inhibits VEGF-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation thus blocking new blood vessel formation in tumor tissue. Apatinib also mildly inhibits c-Kit and c-SRC tyrosine kinases. Apatinib (YN968D1) significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of ABCB1 or ABCG2 substrate drugs in KBv200, MCF-7/adr, and HEK293/ABCB1 cells overexpressing ABCB1 and in S1-M1-80, MCF-7/FLV1000, and HEK293/ABCG2-R2 cells overexpressing ABCG2 (wild-type). Apatinib significantly increased the intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin in the multidrug resistance (MDR) cells. Furthermore, apatinib (YN968D1) significantly increased the ATPase activity of both ABCB1 and ABCG2.